Medical debt laws in Montana
In Montana, the statute of limitations on medical debt is 5 years (Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-202 (written 6 yrs — shortened from 8 by SB 143, Ch. 174, L. 2025; oral/account 5 yrs; other non-written obligations 3 yrs). Note: causes of action that accrued before the 2025 amendment's effective date may still be governed by the prior 8-year written-contract period.). Montana has no medical-debt-specific limitations statute. An unpaid medical bill is ordinarily an account/implied contract 'not founded on an instrument in writing' (5 years, MCA 27-2-202(2)); if the patient signed a written payment/financial agreement it can be treated as founded on a written instrument (now 6 years, MCA 27-2-202(1)). Use 5 years as the shortest defensible period for a typical bill. That clock decides whether a collector can win a lawsuit against you — which changes what you should do next, so check the dates on the bill before you do anything else.
| Written contracts | 6 years |
| Oral agreements | 5 years |
| Open accounts (credit cards) | 5 years |
| Medical debt | 5 years |
What the time limit actually means
The statute of limitations does not erase a debt — it limits how long a collector can successfully sue over it. A time-barred debt can still be requested, reported (within credit-reporting time limits), and settled. But if a collector sues after the period has run and you raise the statute of limitations as a defense, the case should be dismissed. The defense is not automatic: you must respond to the lawsuit to use it.
Careful: Yes — under MCA 27-2-409, part payment of principal or interest, or an acknowledgment contained in a writing signed by the debtor, causes the limitations period to begin running anew.
Protections that apply in Montana
- Charity care is federal law. Nonprofit hospitals must maintain a written Financial Assistance Policy and publicize it (IRS §501(r)). If your bill is from a nonprofit hospital, ask for the FAP application before paying anything. How to apply →
- Surprise out-of-network bills. The federal No Surprises Act bans most out-of-network balance billing for emergency care and for out-of-network providers at in-network facilities. When a bill is illegal →
- Credit reporting. The national bureaus no longer report paid medical collections, medical collections under $500, or those less than a year old.
Rules Montana sets for collectors
Montana relies primarily on the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), which applies in every state and covers third-party collectors and debt buyers.
Montana does not require a state license for ordinary third-party collection agencies (no collection-agency licensing statute exists), though credit counseling/debt management and debt settlement businesses must be licensed by the Montana Department of Justice, and companies collecting on loans they own may need a consumer loan license from the Division of Banking and Financial Institutions.
Under the FDCPA, within five days of first contacting you a collector must send a written validation notice (15 U.S.C. §1692g). If you dispute the debt in writing within 30 days of that notice, the collector must stop collection activity until it mails you verification. There is no legal deadline for the collector to respond — but until it does, it cannot lawfully keep collecting.
If a collector is calling: the first 24 hours
- Do not confirm the debt is yours on the phone, and do not make a payment yet — get everything in writing first.
- Ask for the collector’s company name, mailing address, and the amount claimed. Write down the date and time.
- Check the dates: if the last activity on the bill is older than 5 years, the debt may be time-barred in Montana.
- Send a written validation request within 30 days. Generate the letter free →
- If the bill is from a hospital, request an itemized bill and ask about financial assistance — billing errors are common and assistance is often retroactive.
Where to complain in Montana
Montana Department of Justice, Office of Consumer Protection handles collection complaints at the state level. Federally, file with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau — complaints become part of the public record collectors are judged on.
Common questions
How long can a debt collector pursue medical debt in Montana?
The statute of limitations on medical debt in Montana is 5 years (Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-202 (written 6 yrs — shortened from 8 by SB 143, Ch. 174, L. 2025; oral/account 5 yrs; other non-written obligations 3 yrs). Note: causes of action that accrued before the 2025 amendment's effective date may still be governed by the prior 8-year written-contract period.). Montana has no medical-debt-specific limitations statute. An unpaid medical bill is ordinarily an account/implied contract 'not founded on an instrument in writing' (5 years, MCA 27-2-202(2)); if the patient signed a written payment/financial agreement it can be treated as founded on a written instrument (now 6 years, MCA 27-2-202(1)). Use 5 years as the shortest defensible period for a typical bill. After that period, a lawsuit to collect can be challenged as time-barred, though collectors may still ask you to pay voluntarily.
Can I be sued for a medical bill after 5 years in Montana?
A collector can still file a lawsuit after the limitations period, but the statute of limitations is a defense: if you raise it, a time-barred case should be dismissed. It is not automatic — you must respond to the lawsuit and assert it. Never ignore a court summons.
Does making a small payment restart the clock in Montana?
Yes — under MCA 27-2-409, part payment of principal or interest, or an acknowledgment contained in a writing signed by the debtor, causes the limitations period to begin running anew.
Does unpaid medical debt go on my credit report?
Since 2023, the three national credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion) do not report paid medical collections, medical collections under $500, or medical collections less than a year old. Larger, older unpaid medical collections can still appear.
Do hospitals in Montana have to offer financial assistance?
Every nonprofit hospital in the United States is required by federal law (IRS Section 501(r)) to have a written Financial Assistance Policy and to tell patients about it. Ask the billing office for the Financial Assistance Policy application, in writing.
How do I dispute a medical bill that went to collections?
Send the collector a written debt validation request. Under the federal FDCPA (15 U.S.C. §1692g), if you dispute the debt in writing within 30 days of their first notice, the collector must stop collecting until it mails you verification of the debt. You can generate that letter free on this site — no account needed.
Where do I complain about a debt collector in Montana?
File with the Montana Department of Justice, Office of Consumer Protection (https://dojmt.gov/office-of-consumer-protection/consumer-complaints/) and with the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau at consumerfinance.gov/complaint. Complaints are free and create a record.
Keep reading
- Statute of limitations on all debt in Montana
- Free debt validation letter generator — no account needed
- Look up a debt collector — CFPB complaint records for the biggest agencies
- Charity care: hospital financial assistance, applied
- Medical debt laws in North Carolina
- Medical debt laws in South Carolina
- Medical debt laws in Washington
- Medical debt laws in Arkansas
- Medical debt laws in Hawaii
- Medical debt laws in Louisiana
Legal information, not legal advice. Statutes change and courts interpret them — for advice on your situation, talk to a lawyer or your state’s legal aid office. Last reviewed AUG 2026.